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The Opinion concludes that the new provisions unduly impact the exercise of several fundamental rights, including the rights to freedom of expression and access to information, to education, and to equality and non-discrimination. The bans introduced by the Act fail to meet the three-part test under international human rights law – legality, legitimacy, and necessity in a democratic society – and are inherently discriminatory.

The main purpose of this Opinion is to analyze the Draft Act on the Registration of Foreign Agents (Draft Act) in Bulgaria, which although rejected by the Parliament on 5 February 2025, may be reintroduced in its existing or similar form. The present analysis aims to provide an overview of the key human rights concerns stemming from this draft legislation from the perspective of international human rights standards and OSCE human dimension commitments, primarily the rights to freedom of association and freedom of expression, but also other rights, including the right to respect for private life, the right to participate in public affairs, and the right to non-discrimination.

Throughout 2024, representatives of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and the Head of the Committee on Legal Affairs, Appointments and Immunities of the Parliament of Moldova have been discussing ways to support parliamentary reform, more enhanced democratic governance and inclusive political participation in the Republic of Moldova. During a country visit of ODIHR representatives to Moldova in September 2024, the Head of the above-mentioned Committee reiterated interest in requesting ODIHR to review the Draft Code on the Organization and Functioning of the Parliament of Moldova (hereinafter “the Draft Code”).

In this document, ODIHR makes the following recommendations to improve the Draft Code in line with international standards and OSCE commitments:

In this document, ODIHR makes the following recommendations to further strengthen the provisions of the Law in accordance with international standards and good practices:

The main purpose of this Urgent Opinion is to analyze the Law Amending Act No. 213/1997 Coll. on Non-profit Organizations providing Public Benefit Services and Amending Other Acts (print 245), initially registered in March 2024, as adopted on 16 April 2025 (hereinafter “the Law”). The Urgent Opinion provides an overview of the key human rights concerns raised from the perspective of international human rights standards and OSCE human dimension commitments, primarily the rights to freedom of association and freedom of expression, but also other rights, including to respect for private life, participate in public affairs, and the right to non-discrimination.

In this document, ODIHR makes the following recommendations to further strengthen the Law in accordance with international standards, OSCE commitments and good practices:

In this document, ODIHR makes the following recommendations to further strengthen the provisions of the Law in accordance with international standards and good practices.

This Opinion was prepared by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) following a request from the People’s Advocate of the Republic of Moldova.