(Last updated: 8 December 2008)

Georgia
Extraordinary presidential, 5 January

Armenia
Presidential, 19 February

Serbia
Presidential, 20 January & 3 February

Monaco
Parliamentary, 3 February

Czech Republic
Presidential, 8 February

Cyprus
Presidential, 17 February

Russian Federation
Presidential, 2 March

Malta
Parliamentary, 8 March

Spain
Parliamentary, 9 March

France
Municipal, 9 & 16 March

Montenegro
Presidential, 6 April

Italy
Parliamentary, 13-14 April

Serbia
Parliamentary & Local, 11 May

Georgia
Parliamentary, 21 May

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Early Parliamentary, 1 June, re-runs 15 June

Iceland
Presidential, 28 June

Slovenia
Parliamentary, 21 September

Armenia
Local, 28 September

Belarus
Parliamentary, 28 September

Kazakhstan
By-elections to the Senate (indirect), 4 October

Bosnia & Herzegovina
Local, 5 October

Kyrgyzstan
Local, 5 & 12 October

Lithuania
Parliamentary, 12 October

Canada
Parliamentary, 14 October

Azerbaijan
Presidential, 15 October

Finland
Municipal, 26 October

USA
Presidential and Congressional, 4 November

San Marino
Parliamentary, 9 November

Romania
Parliamentary, 30 November

Turkmenistan
Parliamentary, 14 December